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Brushless DC Motor (10)Keywords: stepper motor industrial control
Stepper motor is an industrial control electrical pulse signal will be converted to angular displacement or linear displacement of the mechanical and electrical components. Stepper motor input is the pulse sequence, compared with the corresponding increment of output displacement or stepper motor. Under normal movement, turn it every week with a fixed number of steps; for continuous and stepper motor, its rotational speed and input pulse frequency to maintain strict corresponding relationship, independent of voltage fluctuation and load change. As the stepper motor can directly accept the digital volume control, it is particularly suitable for microcomputer control.
Stepper motor, there are three most commonly used types of stepper motors: (1) Step Motor (VR). Step Motor is simple, low cost, step angle is small; but poor dynamic performance. (2) permanent magnet stepper motor (PM). Permanent Magnet Stepper motors contribute large, dynamic performance; but large step angle. (Three) hybrid stepping motor (HB). Hybrid Step Motor combines reactive, permanent magnet stepper motor advantages of both, it's a small step angle, contribute large, dynamic performance, is the highest performance stepper motor. It is sometimes referred to as Permanent Magnet Induction Stepping Motor.
The working principle of stepper motor

Figure 1 Three-phase Step Motor structure diagram
1 - Stator 2 - Rotor 3 - stator windings
Figure 1 is the most common three-phase Step Motor cross-section diagram. There are six stator poles are cloth, the angle is 60 º. The pole on the set of a coil, according to Figure 1, even as A, B, C three-phase winding. Which are distributed in 40 small rotor teeth. So each tooth pitch for the θE = 360 º / 40 = 9 º, while the stator pole arc of each pole also has 5 small teeth, and stator and rotor tooth pitch and width are the same. As the stator and rotor number of small teeth 30 and 40, respectively, the ratio is a fraction, which resulted in the situation of the so-called tooth dislocation. If A-phase pole small teeth and a small rotor teeth alignment, shown in Figure 1, then the B phase and C phase respectively, and the pole of the rotor teeth will be the wrong gear with one-third of the pitch, that is 3 º. Therefore, B, C under extreme reluctance reluctance under the magnetic pole than the A major. If power to the B-phase, B phase of stator windings produce magnetic fields, the magnetic field lines through the B-phase pole and trying to close by the path of least reluctance, which makes the rotor by the reaction torque (reluctance torque) the role of the rotation, until B pole on the alignment of teeth and the rotor teeth, rotor just turned 3 º; point A, C under the magnetic pole teeth they were staggered with one-third of the rotor tooth pitch. Next stop on the B-phase winding energized, instead of winding C-phase power, the role of empathy on the reaction torque, the rotor clockwise and then turn 3 º. And so on, when the three-phase winding according to A → B → C → A sequence of loop powered, the rotor will be clockwise direction and rotation of each power pulse 3 º rotation Stepping up the law. If the power to change the order, according to A → C → B → A sequence of loop powered, the rotor would hit the counter-clockwise rotation of each power pulse 3 º of the law of rotation. Because each moment is only one phase winding energized, and by three kinds of state power cycle power, it is called single-mode three-run shot. Single-step three-run shot moments angle θb to 30 º. There are two kinds of three-phase stepper motor power means that they are two-three-run shot, that is by AB → BC → CA → AB power the way the order cycle, and single, double six shot run, ie A → AB → B → BC → C → CA → A way of power cycling sequence. Six-step run-time beat torque angle will be reduced by half. Step Motor step angle can be calculated as follows:
θb = 360 º / NEr (1) type of Er - rotor teeth;
N - run shot several, N = km, m for the stepper motor winding phase number, k = 1 or 2.
1. Stepper motor-driven methods
Stepper motor can not directly receive frequency AC or DC power on work, but must use a dedicated stepper motor driver, as shown in Figure 2, which consists of pulse control units, power drive unit protection units and other components. Fig crossed the midpoint of the two units can be surrounded with a computer control to achieve. Stepper motor drive unit and the direct coupling, can also be interpreted as the power stepper motor computer controller interface, to be brief here.

Figure 2 stepper motor driver controller
1. Single-voltage utility power driver interface
Circuit shown in Figure 3. Strings in the motor winding circuit with resistance Rs, the motor circuit time constant decreases, the motor can produce more high-frequency electromagnetic torque, but also alleviate the low-frequency electrical resonance phenomenon, but it caused additional losses. Under normal circumstances, the simple single-voltage drive circuit, Rs is indispensable. Rs on the stepper motor to improve the single-step response in Figure 3 (b).

Figure 3 Single-voltage power-driven interface and single-step response curves

Figure 4 dual-voltage power driver interface
2. Dual-voltage power-driven interface,
Dual-voltage power-driven interface, shown in Figure 4. Dual voltage-driven basic idea is at the lower (low frequency) with low voltage UL-driven, and in the high-speed (high frequency), the UH-driven with higher voltage. This power interface requires two control signals, Uh control signal for the high-voltage, U for the pulse width modulated drive control signal. The figure, the power management TH and DL diode power conversion circuit form. When Uh low, TH shutdown, DL is bias, low voltage UL on the winding power. High contrast Uh, TH conduction, DL reverse bias, on the winding high voltage power supply UH. This circuit allows the motor has a greater high frequency output, while reducing static power lock.
3. High and low voltage power driver interface

Figure 5 High-voltage power driver interface
High and low voltage power driver interface in Figure 5. High and low voltage-driven design is that no matter how the motor operating frequency, are using high-voltage power supply to improve the conduction UH-phase windings of the current frontier, and in front after a low voltage with UL to maintain the winding current. This role is also to improve the drive's high-frequency performance, but do not have to series resistance Rs, to eliminate the excess loss. High and Low Voltage Power Interface also has two input control signals Uh and Ul, they should be kept in, and jump forward at the same time, as shown in Figure 5. The figure, the high-pressure pipe VTH of the conduction time tl can not be too large nor too small, too large, the motor current overload; too small, the dynamic performance improvement is not obvious. Generally preferable to 1 ~ 3ms. (When the value of the motor when the electrical time constant rather more appropriate).
4. Chopper constant current power-driven interface, the design of constant current driving idea is to try to turn the current in terms of phase winding locked, low frequency, high frequency work values remain constant. The motor has constant torque output characteristics. It is currently used more as a power interface to good effect. Figure 6 is a schematic chopper constant current power interfaces. Graph R is a small resistance for the current sampling resistor, known as the sampling resistor. When the current is not significant, VT1 and VT2 simultaneously controlled walking pulse, when the current exceeds a given constant value, VT2 are blocked, power U is removed. As the motor windings have a larger inductance, this time by freewheeling diode VD to maintain coil current, the electrical inductance of the magnetic field by consumption of energy production efforts. At this point the current will be exponential decay curve, the same current sample value will decrease. When the current is less than a given constant value, VT2 turn the power on again. Repeat the motor winding currents on the stability of a given level by the determined value, the formation of small sawtooth wave, shown in Figure 6.

Figure 6 Chopper constant current power driver interface
Chopper constant current power driver interface has two input control signals, which is the digital pulse u1, u2 is the analog signal. This power interface features: high-frequency response of greatly increased nearly constant torque output characteristics, eliminating resonance, but more complex circuit. At present, the corresponding integrated power module for use.
5. Increasing frequency and boost power driver interface in order to further improve the drive system of high-frequency response, can be used increasing frequency and boost power driver interface. This interface provides the voltage on the windings and the motor operating frequency linear. Its main circuit is actually a switching power supply, use of frequency - voltage converter, the frequency of the drive pulses into DC level, and with this level to control the input switching power supply, which has a frequency feedback form power driver interface.
6. Integrated Power-driven interfaces are already used in a variety of integrated low power stepper motor power driver circuit for use. L298 chip is an H-bridge driver, which is designed to accept standard TTL logic level signals, can be used to drive inductive loads. H bridge can withstand 46V voltage, phase current up to 2.5A. L298 (or XQ298, SGS298) logic circuits using the 5V power supply, amplifier stage using the 5 ~ 46V voltage, all alone under the bridge leads to the emitter in order to access current sampling resistor. L298 (etc.) 15-pin DIP-style package of small wattage, industrial grade. Its internal structure shown in Figure 7. H bridge driver of the main characteristics of the motor windings to the positive and negative electricity in two directions. L298 especially applicable to the two-phase or four-phase stepper motor driver.

Figure 7 Block diagram of L298
Compared to L298 have similar circuit TER's 3717, it is a single H bridge circuit. SGS's SG3635 is a single-leg circuit, IR's IR2130 is a three-phase bridge circuit, Allegro companies are A2916, A3953 and other low-power driver module. Figure 8 is the use of L297 (annular distributor ASIC) and L298 form function with constant-current chopper stepper motor drive system.

Figure 8 ASIC electric drive system composed of step